Bandit Aircraft - The Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk is a retired American single-seat, twin-engine stealth attack aircraft developed by Lockheed's secret Skunk Works division and operated by the United States Air Force (USAF). It was the first operational aircraft designed with stealth technology.
The F-117 was built based on the Have Blue technology demonstrator. Nighthawk's home flight took place in 1981 over Groom Lake, Nevada, and the aircraft achieved initial operational capability in 1983. The aircraft was kept secret until it was unveiled to the public in 1988. Of the 64 F-117s built, 59 are production versions and the remaining 5 are prototypes.
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The F-117 received a lot of publicity for its role in the 1991 Gulf War, often referred to as a "stealth fighter" but technically an attack aircraft. The F-117 took part in the 1999 conflict in Yugoslavia, one of which was shot down by a surface-to-air missile (SAM) in 1999. The US Air Force retired the F-117 in April 2008. F-22 Raptor.
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Despite the formal retirement of the type, some fleets have remained airworthy and Nighthawks have been observed flying since 2009.
In 1964, Soviet mathematician Pyotr Ufimtsev published a groundbreaking paper called Method of Edge Waves in the Physical Theory of Diffraction in the journal Moscow Institute for Radio gineering. It has to do with edge configuration, not size.
Ufimtsev showed that it is possible to calculate the radar cross section along the wing surfaces and edges. The obvious and logical conclusion is that all large aircraft can use this principle to reduce their radar signal. However, the resulting design makes the aircraft aerodynamically unstable, and with the level of computer technology of the early 1960s, aircraft such as the F-117 and B-2 Spirit would later become airborne. In the 1970s, when Lockheed analyst Dys Overholser discovered significant advances in Ufimtsev's papers, computers and software, the stage was set for the development of stealth aircraft.
The F-117 was born after the Vietnam War, when increasingly sophisticated Soviet surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) shot down heavy bombers.
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The heavy losses of Soviet-made SAMs to the Israeli Air Force in the 1973 Yom Kippur War contributed to a 1974 Defse Science Board assessment that air defense was likely to deter NATO air strikes in the event of a conflict in Central Europe. Eastern Europe.
It was the Black Project, a top-secret program for life. Few people at Ptagon knew that this program existed.
(A pun on the Hope Diamond because of its appearance). The following year, Defse Advanced Research Projects Agcy (DARPA) awarded Lockheed Skunk Works a contract to build and test two stealth strike fighters, codenamed "Have Blue".
This small aircraft incorporated the jet engine from the Northrop T-38A, the fly-by-wire system from the F-16, the landing gear from the A-10, and the Virontal system from the C-130.
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By combining existing technologies and components, Lockheed built two demonstrators in record time on a budget of $35 million for two aircraft.
Both aircraft crashed during the demonstration program, but test data proved to be positive. Have Blue's success prompted the government to increase funding for stealth technology. A significant portion of the increase was allocated to the production of the Lockheed F-117A stealth aircraft under the program codename "Sior Trd".
The decision to manufacture the F-117A was made on November 1, 1978, and a contract was signed with Lockheed Advanced Development Projects, popularly known as Skunk Works, in Burbank, California.
Rich urged Lockheed mathematician Bill Schroeder and computer scientist Overholser to exploit Ufimtsev's work. The three designed a computer program called "Echo" that allowed them to design aircraft with flat panels called facets arranged to scatter over 99% of the radar signal and "paint" the aircraft.
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The first YF-117A (serial number 79-10780) made a return flight on June 18, 1981 from Groom Lake, Nevada ("Area 51").
It has been only 31 months since the full-scale development decision was made. First production of the F-117A was delivered in 1982 and operational capability was achieved in October 1983.
The 4450 Tactical Group, stationed at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada, was responsible for operational development of the early F-117s and used the LTV A-7 Corsair II for training between 1981 (prior to the arrival of the first models) and 1989. . , bringing all pilots to a common flight training baseline and later transitioning to fighter jets for testing the F-117A.
The F-117 was a secret for most of the 1980s. Many news articles discussed what they called the "F-19" stealth fighter, and Testor Corporation built a highly inaccurate scale model. When an F-117 crashed in Sequoia National Forest in July 1986, killing the pilot and starting a fire, the Air Force established a restricted airspace. Armed guards barred attempts, including firefighters, and helicopter gunships hovered over the scene. All wreckage of the F-117 has been replaced with wreckage of the F-101A pier crash stored at Area 51. When another fatal accident occurred inside Nellis in October 1987, the military again provided little information to the press.
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The Air Force denied the existence of the aircraft until November 10, 1988, when Assistant Secretary of Defense J. Daniel Howard showed grainy photos at a PTagon press conference, disproving many false rumors about what the "F-19" would look like. After the announcement, pilots were able to fly the F-117 during the daytime and no longer needed to be connected to the A-7, instead flying the T-38 supersonic trainer for touring and training.
In April 1990, two F-117 aircraft flew to Nellis and arrived in broad daylight for a public display to crowds of thousands.
The Air Force said, "The streamlined management of the Air Systems Center at Wright-Paterson AFB, Ohio, combined state-of-the-art stealth technology with concurrent development and production to rapidly put the aircraft into service... the F-117A program proves. Stealth aircraft can be designed for reliability and maintainability."
Most modern US military aircraft use designations from 1962 onwards. "F" is usually an air-to-air fighter, "B" is usually a bomber, "A" is usually a ground attack aircraft, etc. F-15, B-2 and A-6.) The F-117 is primarily an attack aircraft,
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Therefore, the "F" designation is not compatible with DoD systems. This is a mismatch that the U.S. Air Force has repeatedly used on several attack aircraft since the late 1950s, including the Republic F-105 Thunderchief and the Geral Dynamics F-111 Aardvark. The televised documentary quoted Project Manager Alan Brown as saying Robert J. Dixon, a four-star Air Force General who leads the Tactical Air Command, felt that the top-level USAF fighter pilots required to fly the new aircraft were more easily drawn to the aircraft. . It designates fighters as "F" as opposed to bomber ("B") or attack ("A") designations.
The designation "F-117" is a 1962 US Tri-Service Aircraft Designation System and can numerically be considered part of the earlier fighter "Ctury series". Prior to unveiling the aircraft to the public, an assumption was made that it was likely to receive the designation, as the number F-19 had not been used. However, no aircraft has received the "100" serial number since the F-111. Soviet fighter jets acquired by the United States in various ways under the Constant Peg Program
The evaluation of American pilots and the evolution of the Te series fighters gave them the F series number, commonly referred to as the Ctury series designation.
A random radio call was designated "117", as were other exotic military aircraft types flying over the Southern Nevada area, such as captured fighter jets. The same radio call was used by the igmatic 4477th Test and Evaluation Squadron, also known as the "Red Hats" or "Red Eagles" and often flying foreign MiG jet fighters in the area, but there was no connection between the calls. and the official F-19 designation date considered by the Air Force. Apparently, the use of the "117" radio call became common, and when Lockheed published its first flight manual (i.e. the Air Force's "dash one" manual for aircraft), the F-117A designation was printed on the cover.
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When the Air Force first approached Lockheed with the stealth concept, Skunk Works director Kelly Johnson suggested a rounded design. He believed that an agile form provided the best combination of speed and stealth. However, his assistant, B Rich, showed that polygonal surfaces greatly reduced radar signals and that the necessary aerodynamic control could be provided by computerized devices. The May 1975 Skunk Works report "Progress Report No. 2, High Stealth Conceptual Studies" shows that the rounded concept has been abandoned in favor of a flat approach.
As a result, the unusual design surprised and bewildered experienced pilots. A Royal Air Force (RAF) pilot who flew as an Exchange Officer said the following when he first saw the picture.
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